Dr. Md. Mahabubur Rahman is a Professor of Statistics, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh. He received the Ph.D. degree in Statistics from the King Abdulaziz University, KSA. His research interests are in the areas of mathematical statistics as well as transmuted distribution theory. He has published several research articles extensively in internationally refereed journals. He is the referee of several mathematical journals.

Distribution Theory; Mathematical Statistics

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https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=GpJsqPoAAAAJ

In this article, we have proposed a general transmuted family of distributions with an emphasis on the cubic transmuted family of distributions. This new class of distributions provides additional flexibility in modeling the bi-modal data. The proposed cubic transmuted family of distributions has been linked with the T-X family of distributions proposed by Alzaatreh et al. (2013). Some members of the proposed family of distributions have been discussed. The cubic transmuted exponential distribution has been discussed in detail and various statistical properties of the distribution have been explored. The maximum likelihood estimation for parameters of cubic transmuted exponential distribution has also been discussed alongside the Monte Carlo simulation study to assess the performance of the estimation procedure. Finally, the cubic transmuted exponential distribution has been fitted to real datasets to investigate its applicability.

In this article, we have proposed the cubic transmuted Pareto distribution, by using the cubic transmuted family of distributions introduced by Rahman et al. (in Pak J Stat Oper Res 14:451–469, 2018). We have explored the distribution in detail and statistical properties of the distribution have been studied. The parameter estimation for the distribution has been discussed and the performance of estimators is studied by conducting an extensive simulation study. Finally, the cubic transmuted Pareto distribution has been fitted on two real datasets to investigate its applicability.

In this paper, a cubic transmuted Weibull (CTW ) distribution has been proposed by using the general family of transmuted distributions introduced by Rahman et al. (Pak J Stat Oper Res 14:451–469, 2018). We have explored the proposed CTW distribution in detail and have studied its statistical properties as well. The parameter estimation and inference procedure for the proposed distribution have been discussed. We have conducted a simulation study to observe the performance of the estimation technique. Finally, we have considered two real-life data sets to investigate the practicality of the proposed CTW distribution.

In this paper, we have introduced a new family of general transmuted distributions and have studied the cubic transmuted family of distributions in detail. This new class of distributions offers more distributional flexibility when bi-modality appears in the data sets. Some special members of the proposed cubic transmuted family of distributions have been discussed. We have investigated, in detail, the proposed cubic transmuted family of distributions for parent exponential distribution. The statistical properties along with the reliability behavior for the cubic transmuted exponential distribution have been studied. We have obtained the expressions for single and joint order statistics when a sample is available from the cubic transmuted exponential distribution. Maximum likelihood estimation of parameters for cubic transmuted exponential distribution has also been discussed. We have also discussed the simulation and real data applications of the proposed distribution.

In this article, a new cubic transmuted (CT) family of distributions has been proposed by adding one more parameter. We have introduced cubic transmuted uniform (CTU) distribution by using the proposed class. We have also provided a detailed description of the statistical properties of the proposed CTU distribution along with its estimation and real-life application.

Transmutation is the functional composition of the cumulative distribution function (cdf) of one distribution with the inverse cumulative distribution function (quantile function) of another. Shaw and Buckley(2007), first apply this concept and introduced a quadratic transmuted family of distributions. In this article, we have presented a review of the transmuted families of distributions. We have also listed the transmuted distributions, available in the literature along with some concluding remarks.

In this paper, a cubic transmutation approach, proposed by Rahman et al. (EJPAM, 12(3):1106-1121, 2019), is used to introduce the cubic transmuted Burr-XII distribution. The distributional properties like moments, moment generating function, characteristic function, quantile function, reliability function, and hazard rate function are discussed for the proposed distribution along with the distributions of different order statistics. The maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters has been discussed for the proposed distribution. In order to investigate the applicability of the proposed distribution two real-life applications have been considered.

In this paper, we propose a new cubic transmuted Pareto (CTP) distribution via employing the cubic transmuted family introduced by Rahman et al. (PJSOR, 14(4): 807-829). Derivation of statistical properties along with the distribution of order statistics have been discussed for the CTP distribution. Certain characterizations of the CTP distribution are presented. Maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters has been conducted alongside an extensive Monte Carlo simulation study to assess the performance of the estimation procedure. Finally, two real-life applications have been considered to investigate the applicability of the CTP distribution.

In this paper, we have given some general results for the general transmuted families of distributions introduced by Rahman et al. (2018a,b). These results are helpful to obtain the results for any member of the general families of distributions and their special cases. We have given some examples for illustration.

In the present study, we propose a new family of distributions namely the Pareto-X family. A sub model of the proposed family called Pareto-Weibull (PW) distribution is discussed. The maximum likelihood estimators of the model parameters are obtained. Different distributional properties of the distribution are described. In order to assess the applicability of the model, two real-life applications from environmental and biological study are considered. The practical applications show that the proposed model provides better fitness than any other models used in this study.

Statistician always tries to find an easy method that gives a suitable fit. However, proposing a new distribution always solves many statistical problems. In this paper, we introduce a new extension of the Lindley distribution. We made a statistical inference under complete and Type-II censored sample on a new extension of the Lindley distribution. We have deduced its PDF and CDF using a cubic transmuted family that is because the new equations are very easy in computation. We called the new form the cubic transmuted Lindley distribution. The probability distribution function and the cumulative distribution function were also written as a closed form along with some mathematical properties. The classical method, which is the maximum likelihood estimation technique and maximum product of spacing technique, was used to find the estimators of the unknown model parameters. At last, to prove the superiority and applicability of the model, three real data sets are implemented and compared using the proposed method. We made a comparison with some of its baseline distributions and some other extensions, and our model outperforms the published ones.

Background and aimsThe key interest of this research is to identify the causes of the ongoing increasing trends in caesarean section or C-section (CS) deliveries in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh.Methods This study analyzed all Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) datasets through Chi-square and z tests and the multivariable logistic regression model.ResultsCS deliveries were found to be more prevalent in urban than in rural areas of Bangladesh. Mothers above 19 years, above 16 years at first birth, overweight mothers, those with higher educational levels, those who received more than one antenatal care (ANC) visit, fathers having secondary/higher education degrees and employed as workers or in business, and mothers living in wealthy households in the cities of Dhaka, Khulna, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, and Rangpur divisions had a significantly higher likelihood of CS deliveries in urban areas. Contrastingly, mothers with ages between 20 and 39 years, above 20 years at first birth, normal weight/overweight mothers, those with primary to higher level of education, those in the business profession, fathers who also received primary to higher education, mothers who received more than one ANC visit, and those living in wealthy households in Dhaka, Khulna, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, and Rangpur divisions were more likely to have CS deliveries in rural areas. The 45–49 age group mothers had a five times higher likelihood of CS deliveries [odds ratio (OR): 5.39] in urban areas than in rural areas. Wealthy mothers were more likely to be CS-delivered in urban (OR: 4.84) than in rural areas (OR: 3.67).Conclusion The findings reveal a gradual upward alarming trend in CS deliveries with an unequal contribution of significant determinants in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. Therefore, integrated community-level awareness programs are an urgent need in accordance with the findings on the risks of CS and the benefits of vaginal deliveries in this country.

In order to improve the inverse Lindley distribution's data modeling abilities in a variety of fields (such as biology, engineering, mortality, etc.), a new adaptation of the inverse Lindley distribution known as the Cubic Transmuted Inverse Lindley (CTIL) distribution has been developed in this article using the cubic transmutation approach. Several statistical and mathematical properties are extracted for this proposed model. The parameters of this proposed model are achieved through the method of maximum likelihood. Finally, the generated model's potential can be proven here by the comprehensive study of the data analysis and graphical representation with the others selected model.

Statistical methodologies have a wider range of practical applications in every applied sector including education, reliability, management, hydrology, and healthcare sciences. Among the mentioned sectors, the implementation of statistical models in health sectors is very crucial. In the recent era, researchers have shown a deep interest in using the trigonometric function to develop new statistical methodologies. In this article, we propose a new statistical methodology using the trigonometric function, namely, a new trigonometric sine-G family of distribution. A subcase (special member) of the new trigonometric sine-G method called a new trigonometric sine-Weibull distribution is studied. The estimators of the new trigonometric sine-Weibull distribution are derived. A simulation study of the new trigonometric sine-Weibull distribution is also provided. The applicability of the new trigonometric sine-Weibull distribution is shown by considering a data set taken from the biomedical sector. Furthermore, we introduce an attribute control chart for the lifetime of an entity that follows the new trigonometric sine-Weibull distribution in terms of the number of failure items before a fixed time period is investigated. The performance of the suggested chart is investigated using the average run length. A comparative study and real example are given for the proposed control chart. Based on our study of the existing literature, we did not find any published work on the development of a control chart using new probability distributions that are developed based on the trigonometric function. This surprising gap is a key and interesting motivation of this research.

Health Economics, Applied Microeconomics, Economic Geography, Empirical Macroeconomics, Statistical Learning

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https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=O5TNuzcAAAAJ&hl=en

In 2009, the government of Bangladesh formulated a vision named as the “Vision 2021”. The main goal of the vision was to digitalize the services for bringing up them in front of people and make Bangladesh a middle-income country within 2021. As part of digitalization, the ministry of ICT Division of Bangladesh took projects for creating mobile apps for public services. Unfortunately, these apps are not currently working; only 100 apps were available in the play store at the time of data collection. This paper explores the behavior of app developers for understanding–why they are not working for the public services and removed from the play store. Data on app duration, size, update, download, and rating were collected from 100 government and 294 non-government apps in the Google Play Store on 15 October 2017. The analysis shows that the average rating of government apps is less than that of the apps developed by individual developers. Primarily, the causes are observed that the size and number of updates of the government apps are less than that of non-government. It is also observed that app size and number of its updates accelerate app rating and increase its usability. However, these are not the root causes; the study has identified the main cause that an aggressive developer developed the government apps of Bangladesh. This aggressive behavior of app development must underestimate the future of Digital Bangladesh, for example.

This paper aims to examine the impacts of remittances on the economic development of four South Asian countries: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The study considers the World Bank’s balanced panel data (1977–2017). The dynamic ordinary least-square approach finds mixed results, which explain the realisation of the pluralistic approach. Evidence shows that remittances directly increase gross domestic product, household consumption and expenditure and decreases government consumption expenditure, inflation and population growth. However, the flow of remittances is not promoting private bank credit; rather it increases import-dominated trade. Besides, remittances are yet to be significant at gross capital formation. Therefore, we recommend that policymakers should find a way to bring remittance through formal channels for capital formation and investment. Fortunately, remittance inflows indirectly cause population control and sustainability. Decision-makers should also formulate policies that will modify remittance-induced current production and consumption patterns to promote the process of sustainable development further.

Applying an alternative econometric approach, this paper evaluates the long-run causal relationship between the Quantum Index of Manufacturing (QIM) and financial development. We use monthly data of Bangladesh for the period from 2004 to 2017 and apply dynamic factor model (DFM) and vector auto-regression (VAR) based Granger causality approach. Following the results of DFM, two factors, named as ‘Stock Market’and ‘Banking Sector’are formed with their respective variables or indicators. Results of factors-and-VAR based Granger causality exhibit a bidirectional relationship between QIM and ‘Banking Sector’significantly causing each other. There are strong evidences that Bangladesh government has long been employing huge policy efforts (under neoliberal structural adjustment) on fostering supply leading approach, to increase industrial production by developing its stock market. But result shows a unidirectional and demand following relationship; the stock market is being developed in response to the demand of industrial production only. Since the existing relationship does not support government’s policy, its efforts might be missing due to the market’s deregulation-led inefficient and instable deepening. So, Bangladesh government should leave the ideology of fostering supply leading approach to economic growth and adopt policy efforts to let the demand following relationship function.

This study examines the structural dependency between the developments of banking sector and stock market of Bangladesh using canonical correlation analysis. The main objective is to check whether the developments of these two financial sectors independently behave in the economic activities of Bangladesh using monthly data from 2006 to 2015. The development of banking sector is measured by a set of four indicators or variables, private sector credit, total number of branches of scheduled banks, interest rate spread and non-performing loan. Similarly another set of indicators, stock market capitalization, number of listed companies, turnover ratio and stock price volatility are used to explain the development of stock market. The multivariate time series of the two set of indicators are ensured first to be the stationary one. Then the canonical correlation analysis between the two set of indicators show that private sector credit, total No. of branches of scheduled banks are the first set of variables contribute more to construct the first canonical variate of banking sector. Market capitalization and number of listed companies are the second set of variables contribute more to construct the first canonical variate of stock market development. Finally, the correlation between the first pair of canonical variates is 0.293. Since the correlation is positive but not significant, banking and stock market developments do not significantly complement each other. Thus it is concluded that the developments of the two financial systems have been independently running during the period in financing economic activities of Bangladesh from 2006 to 2015.

The financial sector in Bangladesh is continuously trying to evolve towards a more modern and efficient system of finance which is supportive of greater investment and inclusive economic growth. The financial system of Bangladesh broadly consists of banking system and stock exchange. Although major policy reforms have been undertaken during the past few years, including deregulation of interest rates, strengthening of standards of loan classification and provisioning, and elimination of the Bangladesh Bank's control over most financial transactions, the financial sector continues to be underdeveloped and inefficient (BOI, 2015). The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is the market watchdog but has been criticized for weak governance. Allegations of insider trading continue to affect investor confidence. There are less than 250 listed companies and turnover and liquidity are low. A stock market bubble …

To understand the finance-growth nexus, this paper is intended to find a fewer number of important financial factors using Factor Analysis on some selected indicators of Bangladesh financial sector during the period 1988-2013. This paper then tries to check whether the identified financial factors cause economic growth or economic growth causes financial factors using the Granger–Causality test. Factor Analysis shows that financial indicators under the dimensions, depth and stability form Factor 1, and the indicators under the dimensions, use/access and efficiency form Factor 2. Being consistent with economic sense, Granger–Causality test shows that no financial factor significantly causes economic growth; rather economic growth causes “depth/stability”(‘private credit+ capitalization’/non-performing loan) factor of financial sector during the period. In summary, on average, financial sector of Bangladesh is being unstably (being increased non-performing loan) deepened with response to the demand of economic growth since 1988.

Abstract: The use of GARCH type models and computational-intelligence-based techniques for forecasting financial time series has been proved extremely successful in recent times. In this article, we apply the finite mixture of ARMA-GARCH model instead of AR or ARMA models to compare with the standard BP and SVM in forecasting financial time series (daily stock market index returns and exchange rate returns). We do not apply the pure GARCH model as the finite mixture of the ARMA-GARCH model outperforms the pure GARCH model. These models are evaluated on five performance metrics or criteria. Our experiment shows that the SVM model outperforms both the finite mixture of ARMA-GARCH and BP models in deviation performance criteria. In direction performance criteria, the finite mixture of ARMA-GARCH model performs better. The memory property of these forecasting techniques is also examined using the behavior of forecasted values vis-à-vis the original values. Only the SVM model shows long memory property in forecasting financial returns.

This article applied GARCH model instead AR or ARMA model to compare with the standard BP and SVM in forecasting of the four international including two Asian stock markets indices. These models were evaluated on five performance metrics or criteria. Our experimental results showed the superiority of SVM and GARCH models, compared to the standard BP in forecasting of the four international stock markets indices.

Cancer epidemiology, HIV, Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and sexually-transmitted infections (STIs); sexual risk behaviors, apply statistical methods on infectious diseases

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Md. Matiur Rahman Molla is currently serving as an Associate Professor in the Department of Statistics and Data Science at Islamic University, Bangladesh—the largest university in the southwestern region of the country. Before holding his current position, he served in the same department as a Lecturer and later as an Assistant Professor. Earlier in his career, he worked as a Teaching Assistant (TA) at East West University, Dhaka, one of the country’s premier private universities known for academic excellence. He is deeply interested in collaborative and interdisciplinary research, particularly in the fields of machine learning, deep learning, and the development of automated software tools using generative AI, API integration, and AI-driven decision-support systems. A firm believer in interdisciplinary collaboration, he actively engages in cross-domain research, combining classical statistical techniques with modern computational intelligence. Mr. Molla has published several research articles in peer-reviewed international journals, reflecting his ongoing contributions to the advancement of data science and artificial intelligence in academic and applied settings.

Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, NLP, Generative AI

Distribution Theory, Stochastic Modeling, Time Series Analysis

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Public Health, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics

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https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Fb4XtZgAAAAJ&hl=en

Tobacco is identified as leading modifiable global disease risk factor. The main objective of this paper is to determine the level of knowledge of the health consequences of smoking among Bangladeshi adults and its correlates. Another objective is to observe attitudes towards tobacco use. The study is based on secondary data of size 9629 aged 15 years and above collected by the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS), 2010. Binary logistic regression model has been used to identify the correlates of knowledge about the adverse effect of tobacco use in Bangladesh. Attitudes towards tobacco use have been analyzed, too.

Background: Tobacco use is a manmade manner which causes severe chronic diseases and Bangladesh is one of the most tobacco prevalent countries in the world. Advertisement and promotion events may have a big contribution to accelerate this. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the advertisement and promotion events that encouraged the tobacco user. 

Data and methods: Secondary data of sample size 9629 collected by the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS), 2010 has been used. Along with descriptive analysis, binary logistic regression has been used to analyze the sociodemographic and economic correlates to be encouraged by marketing policy. 
Results: The most common site for noticing cigarette, bidi and smokeless tobacco product advertisements was in stores (49.90%, 26.25% and 13.97%). From logistic regression it has been found that rural respondents are 1.17 times more inspired to smoke (OR=1.17, 95% CI=1.06, 1.30) from marketing policy than urban respondents. Female respondents are less inspired to smoke (OR=0.24, 95% CI=0.20, 0.28) than male respondents. Older respondents are less inspired to smoke by marketing policy than younger respondents (OR=0.98, 95% CI=0.98, 0.99). On the other hand, Rural respondents are 1.15 times more likely to be inspired to use smokeless product than urban respondents (OR=1.15, 95% CI=1.02, 1.31). Female respondents are 0.63 times less inspired to use smokeless tobacco product than male respondents (OR=0.63, 95% CI=0.51, 0.77) by marketing policy. Older respondents are less inspired to use smokeless tobacco products by marketing policy than younger respondents (OR=0.99, 95% CI=0.98, 0.99). 
Conclusion: To reduce tobacco use in Bangladesh, Government, policy makers and research institutions that are working for reduction of tobacco use should pay attention more on young, student and female to advocate more. Also, Government could take action to limit advertisement in selling store.

Bangladesh experiences mild to devastating floods during the monsoon season of every year due to its geographical location. Whatever nature these floods may possess, they can be both a curse and a blessing for the people of this country. Self-reporting of Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2016 provides us with an opportunity to analyze the direct impact of the flood on the households’ development outcomes, such as income, expenditure, assets, and labor market outcomes at a microlevel. We also use the government report to identify the households that were treated in the report as being flooded but did not report as so in the HIES 2016. We use these two measures of flood exposure to estimate the full economic impact of monsoon floods and investigate any spillover effect to verify the preciseness of flood identification measure of self-reporting. Our modified control group meticulously strengthen the argument of flood impact and inaccuracy of its self-reporting by revealing households’ inhuman displacement in education and health expenditures. Though some river-centric trade centers offer employment and income increases for households, Bangladesh seems to lose its antique blessing of silt-laden flood water to replenish the fertility of flooded crop fields.

Suman Biswas is currently working as an Assistant Professor at the Department of Statistics of Islamic University, Kushtia. Before joining his recent position, he worked as a Lecturer at the same department. He worked as a Scientific Officer (Statistics) at the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute—the largest multi-crop research institute in Bangladesh. He has also research working experience in the Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) which is the leading institution for in-depth research and dialogue to promote inclusive policymaking in Bangladesh. Biswas has expertise in applying advanced methodologies, tools and techniques for solving real-life examples. He is fascinated by collaborative and interdisciplinary research including the recent advances in machine learning and cloud-based computational facilities. He has published several research articles in different peer-reviewed international journals.

Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Data Science, Public Health

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Suman-Biswas-2

https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=carHN6EAAAAJ&hl=en

Determination of the critical limit (CL) for nutritionally essential zinc (Zn) is very important in developing fertilizer recommendations for crops and soils. However, the CL of Zn for the lentil crop has not been determined yet in Bangladesh, leading to the use of a fertilizer rate for the crop estimated on the basis of old critical limit generalised for all crops. A study was conducted in the Greenhouse facilities of the Soil Science Division of BARI, Gazipur, from October to April (Rabi season) of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020, to determine Zinc CL for soils and lentil crop in soils collected at twenty locations encompassing the six Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) of Bangladesh. For extraction of available Zn concentrations from soils and lentil biomass, a diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (DTPA) (0.005 M) solution was used. The DTPA-extractable Zn (mg kg^-1) in the soils were from 0.43 to 4.10 and from 0.52 to 4.20 in 2018/2019 and 2019/2020, respectively. In all seasons, accessible Zn had negative but substantial correlations with soil pH, soil P, Ca, and Mg in available forms, but the association between available Zn and lentil dry matter was positive and significant (DM). Soil Zn had also a positive significant correlation with Zn concentration of lentil tissue Zn (0.501**). In 2018-2019 and 2019-2020, the CL of EDTA-extractable Zn was determined to be 0.75 mg kg^-1 and 0.68 mg kg^-1 in soils for lentil crop (0.72 mg kg^-1 on an average), respectively, while it was 48.6 mg kg^-1 for lentil tissue. The revised CL can be used for fertilizer recommendation for the lentil crop in the entire Gangetic Plains and other Agro-Ecological Zones of Bangladesh.

Extreme temperature is the key indicator of extreme climatic events. The goal of this research was to better understand the long-term trends and shifting behaviors associated with Bangladesh’s record-breaking high temperatures in the country’s atmosphere. Data from 26 Bangladeshi meteorological stations collected between 1981 and 2018 was analyzed with RClimDex. The annual count of warm (cold) spell duration increased, according to the findings (decrease). In the coastal regions, this rising temperature trend is more pronounced. There were longer (shorter) periods of warm (cold) weather in the twentieth century than there were in the previous decade. As a result, the length of warm (cold) spells has become longer since the beginning of the twenty-first century, as compared to the last quarter of the twentieth century. There is little fluctuation in diurnal temperatures, but they are getting smaller and smaller. There is a 13% decrease in the Cold Spell Duration Indicator (CSDI), which indicates that we are in for a long, cold winter. At a rate of 14% per year, the Warm Spell Duration Indicator (WSDI) annual count suggests an extremely hot summer is imminent. Diurnal temperature range (DTR) values decreased by 1.1% year-round, raising the specter of climate extremes like the CSDI and WSD. An increasing (decreasing) trend in indicators of how long hot (cold) weather lasts indicates an increase (decrease) in Bangladesh’s warm atmosphere. As a result, an increase in the number of extreme weather events, particularly along the coasts, should be expected across the country.

Burmese grape (Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.) is a minor fruit plant grown in subtropical countries and is rich in different vitamins and minerals. In this study, fruit traits diversity of 23 Burmese grape accessions were assessed through multivariate analysis and application of covariance matrix in locating promising parents for an auspicious crossing program. Among the four clusters, assemblages III and VI dominated maximum number of fruit traits constitutions. Surrounded by the fruit traits constitution, the first principal axis largely affords 46.14% of the variation. Intergenotypic gap was observed highest (30.42) between the fruit traits constitution BS004 and BS019, followed by genetic constitution BS003 and BS004 (29.40). The maximum intracluster distance was noticed (40.50) for cluster IV, whereas cluster I showed the lowest intracluster distance (35.32). In between assemblages I and V, the highest interassemblage distance (835.77) was computed. On the other hand, the lowest distance (105.75) was computed between assemblages II and assemblage V. Observation indicated that higher intercluster differences were noticed than intracluster differences, and this recommended ample fruit traits variation among the fruit traits constitution of different clusters. With respect to both quantitative parameters’ assemblage, CL004, CL010 from cluster I was quite diverse compared with all other assemblages, which is pertinent for a productive crossing program.

To meet the demand for an appropriate soaking duration and priming type, there is a need to embrace cheap, fast, natural, accessible, and adaptable physiological techniques as soaking of seeds in water and fresh cow milk. Fresh cow milk contains hormones that relieve seeds from photo, thermo, physiological and mechanical dormancy. In light of this, this study was conducted to assess the effect of hydration and fresh cow milk on different seed quality attributes like germination percentage, mean germination time, the uncertainty of germination process, and synchrony of germination process of bitter gourd seeds. The study involved two factors namely hydropriming and different concentrations of fresh cow milk (viz. 60%, 80% and 100%), and the other factor was seed soaking duration with 4 levels (i. e., 0, 12, 18 and 24 hours). The experiment was conducted in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates. Results revealed that the percentage germination value of seeds soaked in all concentrations of fresh cow milk was better than hydropriming. A significant germination percentage value of 96% and 93% were recorded for seeds treated for 18 hours in 80% and 100% concentrations of fresh cow milk respectively. Maximum uncertainty of the germination process and minimum synchrony of germination the process was recorded in untreated seed.

Applying an alternative econometric approach, this paper evaluates the long-run causal relationship between the Quantum Index of Manufacturing (QIM) and financial development. We use monthly data of Bangladesh for the period from 2004 to 2017 and apply dynamic factor model (DFM) and vector auto-regression (VAR) based Granger causality approach. Following the results of DFM, two factors, named as ‘Stock Market’ and ‘Banking Sector’ are formed with their respective variables or indicators. Results of factors-and-VAR based Granger causality exhibit a bidirectional relationship between QIM and ‘Banking Sector’ significantly causing each other. There are strong evidences that Bangladesh government has long been employing huge policy efforts (under neoliberal structural adjustment) on fostering supply leading approach, to increase industrial production by developing its stock market. But result shows a unidirectional and demand following relationship; the stock market is being developed in response to the demand of industrial production only. Since the existing relationship does not support government’s policy, its efforts might be missing due to the market’s deregulation-led inefficient and instable deepening. So, Bangladesh government should leave the ideology of fostering supply leading approach to economic growth and adopt policy efforts to let the demand following relationship function.

This study examines the structural dependency between the developments of banking sector and stock market of Bangladesh using canonical correlation analysis. The main objective is to check whether the developments of these two financial sectors independently behave in the economic activities of Bangladesh using monthly data from 2006 to 2015. The development of banking sector is measured by a set of four indicators or variables, private sector credit, total number of branches of scheduled banks, interest rate spread and non-performing loan. Similarly another set of indicators, stock market capitalization, number of listed companies, turnover ratio and stock price volatility are used to explain the development of stock market. The multivariate time series of the two set of indicators are ensured first to be the stationary one. Then the canonical correlation analysis between the two set of indicators show that private sector credit, total No. of branches of scheduled banks are the first set of variables contribute more to construct the first canonical variate of banking sector. Market capitalization and number of listed companies are the second set of variables contribute more to construct the first canonical variate of stock market development. Finally, the correlation between the first pair of canonical variates is 0.293. Since the correlation is positive but not significant, banking and stock market developments do not significantly complement each other. Thus it is concluded that the developments of the two financial systems have been independently running during the period in financing economic activities of Bangladesh from 2006 to 2015.

To understand the finance-growth nexus, this paper is intended to find a fewer number of important financial factors using Factor Analysis on some selected indicators of Bangladesh financial sector during the period 1988-2013. This paper then tries to check whether the identified financial factors cause economic growth or economic growth causes financial factors using the Granger – Causality test. Factor Analysis shows that financial indicators under the dimensions, depth and stability form Factor 1, and the indicators under the dimensions, use/access and efficiency form Factor 2. Being consistent with economic sense, Granger – Causality test shows that no financial factor significantly causes economic growth; rather economic growth causes “depth/stability” (‘private credit + capitalization’ /non-performing loan) factor of financial sector during the period. In summary, on average, financial sector of Bangladesh is being unstably (being increased non-performing loan) deepened with response to the demand of economic growth since 1988.

The main objective of this study is to examine the existing situation of results of the graduate students at Islamic University in Kushtia, Bangladesh as well as to identify the factors associated behind this issue. An analysis has been performed by using the primary data which collected form the graduate students of Islamic University under simple random sampling technique. Chi-square test for dependency checking has been performed as Bivariate analysis. After performing Bivariate analysis Multinomial logistic regression analysis has been performed. The result of the study has revealed that the factors like SSC and HSC results of the student, Parental academic qualification, Higher family income, residential in hall, student’s class attendance, study time without class period have a positive impact and the factors like students’ internet use for non-academic purpose, political status, mobile phone using for non academic purpose in the University have a negative impact of students academic results.

Bangladesh wants to achieve the millennium development goals which is related to infant and under-five mortality by the year 2015. To achieve the goals it is needed to reduce the child mortality and to reduce mortality in Bangladesh it is needed to determine the determinants of mortality. Thus the main purpose of this study is to find the determinants of under-five mortality in Bangladesh. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of parental, socioeconomic, demographic, environmental, and nutritional and health seeking variables on under-five mortality. This study used the data extracted from Bangladesh demographic and health survey (BDHS). Chi-square test for dependency checking and multivariate proportional hazard analysis techniques are used to investigate the effects of those variables on under-five mortality. The study results show that several socioeconomic, demographic, nutritional, environmental and health related variables affect on under-five mortality. Multivariate hazards analysis results show that father’s education, region of residence, preceding birth interval, number of children under-five years of age, mother’s age, contraceptive use and breastfeeding have significant effect on under-five mortality. In this study it has revealed that the environmental, demographic, nutritional and health seeking variables have highly significant impact on under-five mortality than the socioeconomic variables. So we should give attention to these influencing variables to reduce the rate of under-five mortality in Bangladesh.

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